The defence secretary has said MPs could be asked to vote again on action in Syria, but only if circumstances changed "very significantly".
Labour urged Philip Hammond to "spell out" what would change his mind, after the coalition accepted the defeat of its Commons motion last week.
But he said it was a "bit rich" of the opposition to "demand" answers, having led protests against action.
Meanwhile, the US has delayed strikes pending the approval of Congress.
Secretary of State John Kerry now says America has evidence the chemical nerve agent sarin was used by President Bashar al-Assad's government in a deadly attack in Damascus last month.
In other developments:
- A BBC poll suggests nearly three-quarters of Britons believe MPs were right to reject UK military action in Syria - and two thirds did not care if it damaged US-UK relations
- There is growing pressure in France for a parliamentary vote on the issue of military action against Syria.
- Arab League foreign ministers urged the world community to "take the deterrent and necessary measures" against Syria. But several members - including Lebanon and Iraq - did not back the call
- Jordan - a key US ally in the region - ruled out joining any US-led coalition against Damascus
- UN experts are analysing samples of evidence gathered in Syria to determine whether chemical weapons attacks have taken place on a number of occasions
- The UK government has rejected newspaper claims chemicals exported from Britain after the uprising in Syria began could have been used in the production of agents such as sarin gas
Last week, the government lost a Commons vote on supporting action, in principle, against Assad's government by 13 votes.
Thirty-nine Conservative and Liberal Democrat MPs sided with Labour to bring about the defeat, with several senior ministers since conceding that the question would not be asked again.
An ICM poll for the BBC - speaking to 1,000 people by telephone between Friday and Monday - suggested that nearly three-quarters of people believed that MPs had taken the right decision, and believed that it would not harm US-UK relations.
The poll suggests that almost half of those questioned - 49% - thought the vote would hurt Britain's international reputation.
In the Commons, Labour's shadow defence secretary Jim Murphy said to Mr Hammond: "After the vote, the prime minister ruled out UK involvement in military action in Syria. The government, of course, will remain engaged diplomatically and on aid policy.
"But will you spell out in what, if any, circumstances changes in Syria or internationally the government would bring back to Parliament the issue of UK military involvement in Syria?"
Analysis
We now have a people carrier's worth of political heavyweights who didn't like the outcome of last week's Commons vote on Syria musing that perhaps parliament could be asked to vote again.
Lords Howard and Ashdown clambered on board over the weekend, as did Sir Malcolm Rifkind.
Now Boris Johnson has joined them.
The essence of their case is to test Labour's argument.
Ed Miliband didn't rule out military action in principle, so would he change his mind if the evidence changes?
But Labour can say this is irrelevant because the Prime Minister has made it clear the UK won't be involved.
Nick Clegg has repeated that the UK will not be involved in military action in response to the use of chemical weapons in Damascus last month.
But what would the UK do if there was another chemical weapons attack?
Mr Hammond replied: "It's a bit rich for you, who last week trooped into the lobbies behind your leader, giving rise to the very situation we now find ourselves in, to demand I tell you precisely in which circumstances we might revisit this issue.
"I've said already we believe Parliament has spoken clearly on this issue and is unlikely to want to revisit it unless the circumstances change very significantly."
David Cameron and several of his ministers have ruled out military action against Syria following last week's vote.
But Conservative London Mayor Boris Johnson insisted a new proposal "inviting British participation" could still be put before Parliament,
He wrote in the Daily Telegraph: "If there is new and better evidence that inculpates Assad, I see no reason why the government should not lay a new motion before Parliament, inviting British participation - and then it is Ed Miliband, not David Cameron, who will face embarrassment.
"The Labour leader has been capering around pretending to have stopped an attack on Syria - when his real position has been more weaselly.
"If you add the Tories and Blairites together, there is a natural majority for a calibrated and limited response to a grotesque war crime."
Some other senior politicians, including former Lib Dem and Conservative leaders Lord Ashdown and Lord Howard - and former Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind - have said the US's own delay could allow the House of Commons to "think again".
'Options open'Former International Development Secretary Andrew Mitchell told the BBC the position had "changed substantially" since last Thursday's vote and in light of the new intelligence emerging "maybe the House of Commons would reach a different view".
"We certainly should keep our options open and that should certainly include the possibility of this returning to the House of Commons for further discussions and a further decision," he told Radio 4's World at One.
But, questioned at a press conference in London, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said: "We're not going to go back to Parliament with the same question on the same issue, in response to the same atrocity the week before last, because that decision was made by Parliament.
"We've made it very clear to our international partners that that is our decision now."
He also said: "I can't foresee any circumstances when we will go back to Parliament again on the same question on the same issue. We did last Thursday and the answer was very clear."
Mr Clegg acknowledged that "entirely different circumstances, of course, might require an entirely different set of decisions" but said he would not be drawn on "hypotheticals".
The prime minister's official spokesman also told reporters the government had "absolutely no plans to go back to Parliament".
He said the UK would continue to make the case for a robust response to President Assad at the G20 later this week.
'Helping al-Qaeda'Meanwhile, Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad told the BBC that any military action against Syria would amount to "support for al-Qaeda and its affiliates", claiming armed groups backed by America had used chemical weapons - not Syrian troops.
President Obama's surprising decision to ask Congress for approval means that a strike which was thought to be imminent will now not go ahead before 9 September - when Congress reconvenes - at the earliest.
President Assad blames opposition forces for the attack on 21 August and says his country will defend itself against any Western "aggression".
The opposition Syrian National Coalition called Mr Obama's decision to delay possible military action a "failure of leadership", saying it could "embolden" President Assad's forces
More than 100,000 people are estimated to have died and at least 1.7 million refugees displaced since civil conflict erupted in Syria in March 2011.
The violence began when Syrian security forces clamped down on anti-government protests.
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